13.7 Built Sources

Because Automake’s automatic dependency tracking works as a side-effect of compilation (see Dependencies) there is a bootstrap issue: a target should not be compiled before its dependencies are made, but these dependencies are unknown until the target is first compiled.

Ordinarily this is not a problem, because dependencies are distributed sources: they preexist and do not need to be built. Suppose that foo.c includes foo.h. When it first compiles foo.o, make only knows that foo.o depends on foo.c. As a side-effect of this compilation depcomp records the foo.h dependency so that following invocations of make will honor it. In these conditions, it’s clear there is no problem: either foo.o doesn’t exist and has to be built (regardless of the dependencies), or accurate dependencies exist and they can be used to decide whether foo.o should be rebuilt.

It’s a different story if foo.h doesn’t exist by the first make run. For instance, there might be a rule to build foo.h. This time file.o’s build will fail because the compiler can’t find foo.h. make failed to trigger the rule to build foo.h first by lack of dependency information.

The BUILT_SOURCES variable is a workaround for this problem. A source file listed in BUILT_SOURCES is made on ‘make all’ ‘make check’, and ‘make install’ before any other targets are processed. Such a source file is compiled by explicitly mentioning it in some other _SOURCES variable.

So, to conclude our introductory example, we could use ‘BUILT_SOURCES = foo.h’ to ensure foo.h gets built before any other target (including foo.o) during ‘make all’ or ‘make check’. Files listed in BUILT_SOURCES are not cleaned by default, so we would also use ‘CLEANFILES = foo.h’.

Not all built sources necessarily have to be listed in BUILT_SOURCES. For instance, a generated .c file doesn’t need to appear in BUILT_SOURCES (unless it is included by another source), because it’s a known dependency of the associated object.

BUILT_SOURCES is actually a bit of a misnomer, as any file which must be created early in the build process can be listed in this variable.

It might be important to emphasize that BUILT_SOURCES is honored only by ‘make all’, ‘make check’ and ‘make install’. This means you cannot build a specific target (e.g., ‘make foo’) in a clean tree if it depends on a built source. However it will succeed if you have run ‘make all’ earlier, because accurate dependencies are already available.

The next section illustrates and discusses the handling of built sources on a toy example.